哮喘与新冠肺炎:基于不同内表型揭示预后差异及治疗影响
2025/06/16
背景:针对哮喘患者的流行病学研究及体外实验数据显示,2型(T2)炎症在SARS-CoV-2感染中可能具有保护作用。
目的:基于一项大型多中心队列研究,探讨了不同哮喘表型患者感染SARS-CoV-2后的临床结局,并评估了T2靶向生物制剂对感染患者的影响。
方法:本研究使用国家COVID队列协作(N3C)数据平台,对哮喘患者(包括T2型和非T2型哮喘,以及接受T2靶向生物制剂治疗的患者)按表型进行识别和分层。随后,作者根据表型及生物制剂暴露情况,评估了患者住院、接受有创机械通气及90天死亡的风险。
结果:共纳入402376例患者,其中138142例(34%)被归类为非T2型哮喘,264234例(66%)为T2型哮喘。T2型哮喘患者进一步分为特应性型(104823例,26%)、嗜酸性粒细胞型(84440例,21%)及高T2型(74971例,19%)。与非T2型哮喘患者相比,特应性型和高T2型哮喘患者的住院率及90天死亡率更低。嗜酸性粒细胞型哮喘患者的住院率、插管率及90天死亡率更高。倾向性评分匹配后,接受T2靶向生物制剂治疗的患者在临床结局上无显著改善。相比之下,外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数高水平及近期使用全身性糖皮质激素与上述不良结局的风险升高密切相关。
结论:新冠肺炎的临床结局因哮喘表型的不同而存在差异,特应性哮喘患者发生不良结局的风险较低,嗜酸性粒细胞型哮喘患者的风险较高。T2靶向生物制剂治疗未能显著改善这些结局,而近期系统性糖皮质激素的使用则使所有表型的哮喘患者更易出现不良临床结局。
关键词: 细胞因子;生物制剂;嗜酸性粒细胞;过敏反应;病毒学
文献来源:(Sines B, Morrison C B, Donaldson J M, et al. Asthma and COVID-19: Unveiling outcome disparities and treatment impact based on distinct endotypes[J]. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2025, 22(3): 339-349.)
Abstract
Background:Epidemiologic studies on patients with asthma and in vitro data suggest a protective role of type 2 (T2) inflammation in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
Objective:Using a large, multisite cohort, we studied clinical outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple asthma endotypes and examined the effects of T2-directed biologics in infected patients with asthma.
Methods:The National COVID Cohort Collaborative Data Enclave was used to identify and stratify patients with asthma by endotype to include those with non-T2 and T2 asthma, as well as exposure to T2-directed biologic therapy. We evaluated the risk of hospitalization, invasive mechanical ventilation, and 90-day mortality by endotype and exposure to biologics.
Results:For this study, 402,376 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 138,142 (34%) were characterized as having non-T2 asthma and 264,234 (66%) as having T2 asthma, a group further divided into 104,823 (26%) atopic, 84,440 (21%) eosinophilic, and 74,971 (19%) T2-high asthmatic endotypes. Compared with patients with non-T2 asthma, those with atopic and T2-high asthma experienced decreased odds of hospitalization and 90-day mortality. Conversely, patients with eosinophilic asthma experienced higher odds of hospitalization, intubation, and 90-day mortality. Exposure to T2-directed biologic therapies did not alter outcomes after propensity score matching. In contrast, maximum eosinophil count and recent systemic corticosteroid use were directly correlated with increased odds of all outcomes.
Conclusion:Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outcomes differ depending on asthma endotype, with patients with atopic asthma experiencing lower odds and those with eosinophilic asthma experiencing higher odds of deleterious outcomes. T2-directed biologic treatment did not alter these outcomes, but recent systemic corticosteroid use predisposes all patients with asthma to adverse outcomes.
Key words:cytokines; biologics; eosinophils; hypersensitivity; virology
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